Esterase-mediated bifenthrin resistance in a multiresistant strain of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

A field-collected multiresistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch exhibiting high resistance to bifenthrin was investigated in comparison with a susceptible laboratory strain. The esterase inhibitor S,S,S-tributyl-phosphorotrithioate (DEF) was able strongly to synergise bifenthrin toxicity in the resistant strain. Optimal conditions for determining esterase activities in T. urticae were determined, and a higher esterase activity towards several artificial substrates was found in this resistant strain, which had a preference for hydrolysing 4-nitrophenyl butyrate. Bifenthrin was able to bind the active centres of T. urticae esterases in vitro, as was determined after competition experiments by a Dixon plot, revealing a higher affinity of bifenthrin in the resistant strain. Bifenthrin-hydrolysing activity in the resistant and susceptible strains was examined in vitro and quantified with gas chromatography. A 7.2-fold higher metabolising rate was found in the resistant strain.     

日粮中添加枸杞粉对蛋鸡生产性能和血清脂类代谢指标的影响

选取40只56周龄生产性能相近的新罗曼商品代蛋鸡,采用单因素完全随机分组试验设计,研究日粮中添加不同水平的枸杞对蛋鸡生产性能及脂类代谢的影响。结果表明,在基础日粮基础上添加2%、3%的枸杞粉后试验鸡的料蛋比显著降低20.36%和13.21%(P<0.05),平均日产蛋量显著提高18.20%和8.66%(P<0.05)。添加枸杞粉能显著降低血清中的总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)含量(P<0.05),但对血清甘油三脂(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)含量影响不明显(P>0.05)。由此可见,日粮中添加枸杞能够提高蛋鸡的生产性能,并能有效调节鸡的脂类代谢状况。     

盐胁迫对番茄果实糖含量及蔗糖代谢的影响

以番茄栽培品种辽园多丽为试材,在果实发育期进行盐胁迫〔50 mmol·L-1 NaCl以及等渗透势的NaNO3、KCl、KNO3、CaCl2和Ca（NO3）2〕处理,研究不同种类盐胁迫对番茄果实品质及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明：3种Cl-盐胁迫处理均提高了成熟番茄果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸含量和糖酸比。盐胁迫下番茄完熟期果实各部位己糖（果糖+葡萄糖）含量增加,蔗糖转化酶（酸性转化酶+中性转化酶）活性增强,而且各处理可溶性糖和己糖含量变化与蔗糖转化酶活性变化成正比。由此可见,果实发育期盐胁迫下番茄果实可溶性糖含量的提高是由于蔗糖转化酶活性的增强|提高番茄品质的最佳盐是KCl。     

干旱胁迫下外源物质对番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合作用的影响

以番茄品种‘金棚一号’为试验材料,研究不同外源物质(10mmol/L CaCl2、5mmol/L GABA、0.5mmol/L Put、0.5mmol/L Spd)对干旱胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,干旱胁迫处理抑制了番茄幼苗的生长,使幼苗光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)能力降低,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量降低,游离氨基酸及可溶性糖含量升高,活性氧代谢的变化造成MDA积累;外源物质CaCl2、GABA、Put、Spd均可提高幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重和鲜重以及叶片中可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量,通过提高抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量,维持较高的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR,从而在一定程度上缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗的伤害。平均隶属函数分析表明,不同外源物质缓解干旱胁迫的途径不同,外源添加Put处理缓解干旱胁迫的作用主要体现在促进植物生长方面,GABA处理则主要体现在减缓干旱胁迫对叶片光系统Ⅱ和活性氧代谢的伤害,Ca2+处理在增加渗透调节物质含量方面更为明显。     

氮胁迫对水稻营养生长期氮代谢及相关基因表达量的影响

通过对水稻品种日本晴进行0、1h和1、3、7d的缺氮胁迫,以及缺氮7d后,恢复供氮生长2h和1d,研究氮素同化相关酶的基因表达及其活性的动态变化情况。结果表明:缺氮胁迫下,根部NH4+、NO3-含量显著下降。短期缺氮胁迫下,地上部NR1、NR2、NiR2、GS2、Fd-GOGAT、GDH2、GDH3以及根部NR1、NR2、GDH4的表达量均有增加;随着缺氮胁迫时间延长,上述基因的表达量均大幅下降。缺氮胁迫下,植株GS、Fd-GOGAT、地上部NR和根部NADH-GOGAT的活性下降,地上部NADPH-GDH活性增加,根部NR、GDH活性先增加后下降,地上部NiR活性先下降后增加。植株缺氮7d后,恢复供氮生长1d时,NR、NiR、GS、GOGAT、GDH的基因表达量及活性基本趋于恢复正常水平,部分基因表达量有所增加。     

模拟酸雨对菠菜生长和品质指标的影响

[目的]研究模拟酸雨对菠菜生长及其品质的影响。[方法]采用不同pH的模拟酸雨处理菠菜,研究模拟酸雨对菠菜生长代谢、生物量和营养品质的影响。[结果]弱酸性酸雨能促进菠菜叶片中光合色素的合成,叶绿素a比叶绿素b对酸雨胁迫更敏感;在pH为3.0～7.0范围内,叶片中丙二醛含量与pH呈显著负相关;生长指标值随着酸雨酸性增强而下降;pH≤4.0的酸雨能严重阻碍维生素C的合成;pH≥5.6的酸雨会促进可溶性糖和蛋白质的合成,pH5.6的则抑制二者的合成;游离氨基酸含量与pH呈显著正相关。[结论]该研究为酸雨的污染控制提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

成熟期短时渍水胁迫对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响

以烤烟云烟97为材料,采用田间试验研究了成熟期短时渍水处理对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响。结果表明,在烤烟成熟期渍水处理3 d,中部叶片硝酸还原酶活性低于对照,降幅为20.39%;转化酶和淀粉酶活性高于对照,增幅分别为33.14%,56.70%;烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有降低趋势,分别下降了2.9,0.74,0.77个百分点,而总糖和还原糖含量有增加趋势,分别上升了1.33,0.46个百分点。说明渍水胁迫使叶片生理代谢紊乱,氮代谢减弱,碳水化合物积累减少。研究结果有助于从生理生化角度揭示成熟期渍水胁迫对烤烟生长和品质形成影响的机制。     

The effect of supplementation of clove and agrimony or clove and lemon balm on growth performance, antioxidant status and selected indices of lipid profile of broiler chickens

The study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with 1% clove flower buds powder combined with either 0.2% lemon balm extract or 0.2% agrimony extract (each of the two pulverized extracts supplied through drinking water) on body weight of broilers, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the carcass yield, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px, EC 1.11.1.9) in blood, concentration of sulfhydryl (?SH) groups, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and E, low‐density lipoproteins in the blood plasma, serum cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides and high‐density lipoproteins in broiler chickens at 42 days of age. On the day of hatching, 120 male and female broilers of Cobb 500 were randomly divided into three groups. The control group (1st group) of broilers received a basal diet (BD) without any feed and water additive. Both experimental groups of chicks were fed BD enriched with clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) powder at a dose of 10 g/kg DM for 42 days. Moreover, either lemon balm (Mellisa officinalis L.) extract or agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) extract diluted with drinking water (2:1000) was given to broilers in the 2nd and 3rd group respectively. The results indicated that feeding the diets enriched with selected herbal supplements failed to affect the growth performance of broiler chickens at 42 days of age. In addition, this supplementation had no influence on the activities of SOD and GSH‐Px, concentration of vitamin A and selected lipid metabolism indices. On the other hand, we observed beneficial effects on some indices of the antioxidant status (increased concentration of ?SH groups and vitamin E, decreased concentration of MDA) in the blood of broilers in both experimental groups in comparison with the control group of chickens (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a slightly better antioxidant capacity was found in the blood of broilers supplied the combination of clove and lemon balm compared to clove and agrimony (vitamin E, 11.26 ± 0.73 vs. 9.73 ± 0.64 μmol/L, p < 0.05 respectively). It could be concluded that supplementation of the diet with clove flower buds powder combined with lemon balm extract or agrimony extract dissolved in drinking water has a potential to increase the antioxidant status but fails to influence either the growth performance or the selected lipid metabolism indices of broilers at the age of 42 days.     

Propionate absorbed from the colon acts as gluconeogenic substrate in a strict carnivore, the domestic cat (Felis catus)

In six normal‐weight and six obese cats, the metabolic effect of propionate absorbed from the colon was assessed. Two colonic infusions were tested in a crossover design with intervals of 4 weeks. The test solution contained 4 mmol sodium propionate per kg ideal body weight in a 0.2% NaCl solution. Normal saline was given as control solution. Solutions were infused into the hindgut over 30 min. Blood samples were obtained prior to and at various time points after starting the infusion. As body condition did not affect evaluated parameters, all data were pooled. Plasma glucose concentrations showed differences neither over time nor during or after infusion with propionate or control. Plasma amino acid concentrations rose over time (p < 0.001), but were similar for both infusions. Plasma propionylcarnitine rose markedly towards the end of the propionate infusion and decreased afterwards (p < 0.001), whereas 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutarylcarnitine was lower 30 (p = 0.005) and 60 min (p = 0.032) after ending propionate infusions and acetylcarnitine tended to fall at the same time points (p = 0.079; p = 0.080), suggesting inhibition of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and amino acids, but initiation of propionate‐induced gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, propionate absorbed from the colon is hypothesized to act as gluconeogenic substrate, regardless of the cat’s body condition.     

高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加生物素对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响

选用300日龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡90羽,随机分为对照组、病理组、防治组3组（每组3个重复,每个重复10只）,分别饲喂正常日粮（代谢能11.30MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.00%）、高能量低蛋白质日粮（代谢能12.81MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.90%）和添加0.3mg/kg生物素的高能量低蛋白质日粮,试验期60d,分别于试验的1,30,60d,每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6羽,采血制备血清和采集肝脏样品及腹脂,测定血脂含量、肝脂率和腹脂率,观察其病理学变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验30,60d,高能量低蛋白质日粮组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脂肪变性明显。试验30d,与对照组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C、TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率差异不显著,肝脏脂肪变性不明显;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。60d时,与对照组相比,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脏呈现一定的脂肪变性;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。结果提示,采用高能低蛋白日粮饲喂蛋鸡可以成功的建立蛋鸡脂肪肝出血征病理模型;在高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加0.3mg/kg生物素后,可显著影响蛋鸡的脂肪肝出血征蛋鸡脂类代谢,一定程度上对其具有预防作用。